Glossary C

Glossary C

Cacophony

Harsh, discordant sounds used for effect in writing.

  • Alliteration vs. Assonance: Understanding Sounds (Compared)
  • Cadence

    The rhythm and flow of language in writing or speech.

  • Alliteration vs. Assonance: Understanding Sounds (Compared)
  • Caesar’s Gallic Wars

    Julius Caesar’s firsthand account of his military campaigns in Gaul, written in Latin.

  • Prose vs. Verse: Text Types (Clarified)
  • Caestura

    A musical term for a break or pause in a piece of music.

  • Alliteration vs. Assonance: Understanding Sounds (Compared)
  • Caesura

    A pause or break in a line of poetry.

  • Alliteration vs. Assonance: Understanding Sounds (Compared)
  • Assonance vs. Consonance: Sound Patterns (Clarified)
  • Capitalism

    The economic system that influences the themes and messages in literature.

  • Dystopia vs. Utopia: Literary Settings (Explained)
  • Caricature

    A portrayal of a person or thing that exaggerates their distinctive features or characteristics.

  • Satire vs. Parody: Humor in Literature (Explained)
  • Irony vs. Sarcasm: Clearing Confusions (Defined)
  • Character vs. Caricature: Deep Dive (Explained)
  • Catharsis

    The emotional release or purification experienced by the reader through literature.

  • Epic vs. Tragedy: Literary Forms (Defined)
  • Romance vs. Romanticism: Genres (Clarified)
  • Catharsis effect

    The emotional release or purification experienced by the audience or reader of a story.

  • Epic vs. Tragedy: Literary Forms (Defined)
  • Censorship

    The suppression or restriction of certain ideas or content in literature.

  • Dystopia vs. Utopia: Literary Settings (Explained)
  • Central idea identification

    The process of identifying the main theme or message of a work of literature.

  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Theme vs. Motif: Literary Elements (Defined)
  • Character arc

    The trajectory of a character’s growth and change throughout a work of fiction.

  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Protagonist vs. Antagonist: Character Roles (Defined)
  • Character vs. Caricature: Deep Dive (Explained)
  • Character backstory

    The history and background of a character that informs their actions and behavior in a work of fiction.

  • Character vs. Caricature: Deep Dive (Explained)
  • Character development

    The process of a character changing and growing throughout a work of fiction.

  • Anecdote vs. Vignette: Small Stories (Clarified)
  • Romance vs. Romanticism: Genres (Clarified)
  • Epic vs. Tragedy: Literary Forms (Defined)
  • Fable vs. Parable: Story Types (Defined)
  • Flashback vs. Foreshadowing: Time in Text (Compared)
  • Pathos vs. Bathos: Emotional Appeals (Explained)
  • Protagonist vs. Antagonist: Character Roles (Defined)
  • Character development examination

    The analysis of a character’s growth and change throughout a work of fiction.

  • Theme vs. Motif: Literary Elements (Defined)
  • Characterization

    The process of creating and developing characters in a work of fiction.

  • Setting vs. Scene: Literary Locations (Defined)
  • Epic vs. Tragedy: Literary Forms (Defined)
  • Theme vs. Motif: Literary Elements (Defined)
  • Flashback vs. Foreshadowing: Time in Text (Compared)
  • Pathetic Fallacy vs. Personification (Compared)
  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Protagonist vs. Antagonist: Character Roles (Defined)
  • Allegory vs. Symbol: Understanding Meaning (Compared)
  • Analogy vs. Metaphor: Comparative Language (Explained)
  • Anecdote vs. Vignette: Small Stories (Clarified)
  • Character vs. Caricature: Deep Dive (Explained)
  • Dystopia vs. Utopia: Literary Settings (Explained)
  • Irony vs. Sarcasm: Clearing Confusions (Defined)
  • Quatrain vs. Couplets: Ballad Formats (Compared)
  • Characterization techniques

    The methods used to create and develop characters in a work of fiction.

  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Protagonist vs. Antagonist: Character Roles (Defined)
  • Character motivation

    The driving force behind a character’s actions or behavior.

  • Character vs. Caricature: Deep Dive (Explained)
  • Setting vs. Scene: Literary Locations (Defined)
  • Character motivation exploration

    The examination of a character’s reasons for their actions or behavior.

  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Character roles

    The specific traits and actions assigned to a character in a story.

  • Protagonist vs. Antagonist: Character Roles (Defined)
  • Characters

    The individuals or entities that drive a story, often with distinct personalities, motivations, and conflicts.

  • Fable vs. Parable: Story Types (Defined)
  • Sonnet vs. Ballad: Poetry Forms (Explained)
  • Character sketch

    A brief description of a character’s personality, appearance, and background.

  • Anecdote vs. Vignette: Small Stories (Clarified)
  • Charts and graphs

    Visual representations of data or information, often used to enhance understanding or support arguments.

  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Chorus

    A group of characters in a play or story who provide commentary on the action.

  • Refrain vs. Chorus: Ballad Repetition (Defined)
  • Epic vs. Tragedy: Literary Forms (Defined)
  • Rhythm vs. Meter: Ballad Framework (Explained)
  • Chorus commentary

    A group of characters in a play or story who provide commentary on the action.

  • Epic vs. Tragedy: Literary Forms (Defined)
  • Chronological order

    The arrangement of events in the order in which they occurred.

  • Flashback vs. Foreshadowing: Time in Text (Compared)
  • Autobiography vs. Memoir: Personal Stories (Defined)
  • Cinematic techniques

    The use of film techniques such as camera angles, lighting, and sound to convey meaning.

  • Irony vs. Sarcasm: Clearing Confusions (Defined)
  • Pathos vs. Bathos: Emotional Appeals (Explained)
  • Citations

    References to sources used in a written work, providing credibility and allowing readers to find the original sources.

  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Clarification

    The act of making something clearer or more understandable, often through additional information or explanation.

  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Classicism

    A literary movement that emphasizes the values of reason, order, and restraint, often drawing inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman literature.

  • Ballad vs. Sonnet: Poetic Structures (Explained)
  • Cliche

    An overused phrase or expression that lacks originality and creativity.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Pathos vs. Bathos: Emotional Appeals (Explained)
  • Cliched metaphor

    An overused comparison that has lost its original meaning and impact.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Clickbait headlines

    Sensational or misleading headlines designed to attract clicks and views.

  • Pathos vs. Bathos: Emotional Appeals (Explained)
  • Climax

    The point of highest tension or drama in a story.

  • Epic vs. Tragedy: Literary Forms (Defined)
  • Protagonist vs. Antagonist: Character Roles (Defined)
  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Flashback vs. Foreshadowing: Time in Text (Compared)
  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Theme vs. Motif: Literary Elements (Defined)
  • Closure

    The resolution of a story’s conflicts and questions, often providing a sense of satisfaction for the reader.

  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Coda

    A concluding section of a literary work that provides closure or summarizes the main themes.

  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Coda vs epilogue

    The difference between the final sections of a written work, with a coda providing a final musical flourish and an epilogue providing additional information or closure.

  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Cognitive dissonance

    The mental discomfort experienced when holding two conflicting beliefs or values.

  • Irony vs. Sarcasm: Clearing Confusions (Defined)
  • Cognitive psychology

    The study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.

  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Collectivism

    The emphasis on community and group identity in literature.

  • Dystopia vs. Utopia: Literary Settings (Explained)
  • Collocations

    Words that commonly appear together in a language or culture.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Colloquialism

    Informal language or slang used in writing to create a conversational tone.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Comedic imitation style

    A style of writing that imitates the style or tone of a comedic work.

  • Satire vs. Parody: Humor in Literature (Explained)
  • Comedy

    A genre of literature or performance that aims to entertain through humor.

  • Pathos vs. Bathos: Emotional Appeals (Explained)
  • Prose vs. Verse: Text Types (Clarified)
  • Comic relief

    A humorous element added to a serious or dramatic work to provide a break in tension.

  • Satire vs. Parody: Humor in Literature (Explained)
  • Commonality

    The shared themes and motifs across different literary works and genres.

  • Romance vs. Romanticism: Genres (Clarified)
  • Common expressions identification

    Recognizing and avoiding overused phrases in writing.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Commonplace expression

    A phrase or saying that is commonly used and understood.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Communication

    The exchange of information or ideas between individuals or groups.

  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Communication barriers

    Obstacles that prevent effective communication, such as language barriers or cultural differences.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Communication etiquette

    The rules and conventions for polite and respectful communication.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Communication strategies

    Techniques for effectively conveying information and ideas to others.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Hyperbole vs. Understatement: Degree of Expression (Compared)
  • Communication style

    The way in which an individual communicates, including tone, language, and body language.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Communication tool

    A means of conveying information or ideas to others.

  • Analogy vs. Metaphor: Comparative Language (Explained)
  • Comparative analysis

    The examination of two or more things to identify similarities and differences.

  • Dystopia vs. Utopia: Literary Settings (Explained)
  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Comparative language

    The use of language to compare two or more things, often to highlight similarities or differences.

  • Analogy vs. Metaphor: Comparative Language (Explained)
  • Comparative language similarities explained

    The explanation of similarities and differences between languages.

  • Analogy vs. Metaphor: Comparative Language (Explained)
  • Comparative literature

    The study of literature from different cultures or languages to identify similarities and differences.

  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Comparative study

    The examination of two or more things to identify similarities and differences.

  • Elegy vs. Ode: Types of Poems (Defined)
  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Epic vs. Tragedy: Literary Forms (Defined)
  • Comparison

    The act of examining two or more things to identify similarities and differences.

  • Metaphor vs. Simile: Know the Difference (Explained)
  • Analogy vs. Metaphor: Comparative Language (Explained)
  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Hyperbole vs. Understatement: Degree of Expression (Compared)
  • Pathetic Fallacy vs. Personification (Compared)
  • Sonnet vs. Ballad: Poetry Forms (Explained)
  • Comparison and contrast

    The act of comparing and contrasting two or more things to identify similarities and differences.

  • Analogy vs. Metaphor: Comparative Language (Explained)
  • Comparison of styles contrasting methods

    The analysis of different writing styles and techniques to highlight their differences and similarities.

  • Hyperbole vs. Understatement: Degree of Expression (Compared)
  • Comparison technique

    A method of comparing two or more things to highlight similarities and differences.

  • Metaphor vs. Simile: Know the Difference (Explained)
  • Complexity

    The state of being composed of interconnected parts that are difficult to understand or analyze.

  • Character vs. Caricature: Deep Dive (Explained)
  • Composition

    The process of creating a written work, including planning, drafting, revising, and editing.

  • Refrain vs. Chorus: Ballad Repetition (Defined)
  • Compromise strategies

    Techniques for finding a mutually acceptable solution to a disagreement or conflict.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Conceit

    An extended metaphor or comparison between two dissimilar things.

  • Metaphor vs. Simile: Know the Difference (Explained)
  • Conceptual imagery

    The use of mental images to represent abstract concepts or ideas.

  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Conceptualization

    The process of forming a concept or idea.

  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Conceptual representation

    The way in which a concept or idea is visually or symbolically represented.

  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Concluding remarks

    Final comments or observations made at the end of a written work.

  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Conclusion differences

    The variations in the way different written works conclude or wrap up.

  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Concrete poetry

    A form of poetry in which the visual arrangement of words on the page is just as important as the words themselves.

  • Quatrain vs. Couplets: Ballad Formats (Compared)
  • Conflict

    A disagreement or struggle between two or more parties.

  • Protagonist vs. Antagonist: Character Roles (Defined)
  • Theme vs. Motif: Literary Elements (Defined)
  • Setting vs. Scene: Literary Locations (Defined)
  • Anecdote vs. Vignette: Small Stories (Clarified)
  • Sonnet vs. Ballad: Poetry Forms (Explained)
  • Conflict driver

    The event or character that creates tension and drives the plot forward.

  • Protagonist vs. Antagonist: Character Roles (Defined)
  • Conflict resolution

    The process of resolving a disagreement or dispute between two or more parties.

  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Epic vs. Tragedy: Literary Forms (Defined)
  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Anecdote vs. Vignette: Small Stories (Clarified)
  • Protagonist vs. Antagonist: Character Roles (Defined)
  • Romance vs. Romanticism: Genres (Clarified)
  • Setting vs. Scene: Literary Locations (Defined)
  • Conflict resolution progression

    The steps taken to resolve a conflict in a progressive manner.

  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Conflict resolution techniques

    Strategies for resolving disagreements or disputes between individuals or groups.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Conformity

    The pressure to adhere to societal norms and expectations in literature.

  • Dystopia vs. Utopia: Literary Settings (Explained)
  • Confusion

    The state of being uncertain or unclear about something.

  • Oxymoron vs. Paradox: Contradictory Terms (Clarified)
  • Connection

    The relationship or association between two or more things.

  • Pathos vs. Bathos: Emotional Appeals (Explained)
  • Connotation

    The emotional or cultural associations attached to a word or phrase.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Imagery vs. Symbolism: Visual Writing (Explained)
  • Metaphor vs. Simile: Know the Difference (Explained)
  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Theme vs. Motif: Literary Elements (Defined)
  • Connotative Significance

    The emotional or cultural associations that a word or phrase carries beyond its literal meaning.

  • Imagery vs. Symbolism: Visual Writing (Explained)
  • Consistency in behavior

    The quality of behaving in a predictable and reliable manner.

  • Character vs. Caricature: Deep Dive (Explained)
  • Consonance

    The repetition of consonant sounds in close proximity.

  • Alliteration vs. Assonance: Understanding Sounds (Compared)
  • Assonance vs. Consonance: Sound Patterns (Clarified)
  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Onomatopoeia vs. Mimesis: Sound in Literature (Compared)
  • Prose vs. Verse: Text Types (Clarified)
  • Rhythm vs. Meter: Ballad Framework (Explained)
  • Consonant sound matching

    The intentional use of words that share similar consonant sounds in order to create a pleasing and memorable rhythm.

  • Assonance vs. Consonance: Sound Patterns (Clarified)
  • Consonant sounds

    Sounds produced by the vibration of the vocal cords that are not vowels.

  • Alliteration vs. Assonance: Understanding Sounds (Compared)
  • Assonance vs. Consonance: Sound Patterns (Clarified)
  • Context

    The circumstances or conditions in which something exists or occurs.

  • Symbol vs. Metaphor: Identifying Differences (Compared)
  • Contextual clues

    Information within a text that helps to understand its meaning.

  • Allegory vs. Symbol: Understanding Meaning (Compared)
  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Contextualization

    The process of placing something within its proper context or setting.

  • Allegory vs. Symbol: Understanding Meaning (Compared)
  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Contextual meaning

    The meaning of a word or phrase based on its context.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Contextual understanding

    The ability to comprehend the meaning of something within its context.

  • Analogy vs. Metaphor: Comparative Language (Explained)
  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Contextual usage analysis

    Examination of how words are used in a specific context.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Contradiction

    A statement or situation that is inconsistent or incompatible with another.

  • Irony vs. Sarcasm: Clearing Confusions (Defined)
  • Contradictory terms

    Two terms that appear to be opposite or incompatible.

  • Oxymoron vs. Paradox: Contradictory Terms (Clarified)
  • Contradictory terms explanation

    The clarification of two terms that seem to contradict each other.

  • Oxymoron vs. Paradox: Contradictory Terms (Clarified)
  • Contrast

    The state of being noticeably different from something else when compared.

  • Hyperbole vs. Understatement: Degree of Expression (Compared)
  • Oxymoron vs. Paradox: Contradictory Terms (Clarified)
  • Contrasting words

    Words that have opposite meanings or convey different ideas.

  • Oxymoron vs. Paradox: Contradictory Terms (Clarified)
  • Control

    The use of language and structure to manipulate the reader’s interpretation and understanding of a text.

  • Dystopia vs. Utopia: Literary Settings (Explained)
  • Conveyance of meaning

    The act of expressing or communicating a message or idea effectively.

  • Allegory vs. Symbol: Understanding Meaning (Compared)
  • Corporate executives

    Top-level managers in a company responsible for making strategic decisions.

  • Satire vs. Parody: Humor in Literature (Explained)
  • Couplet

    A pair of rhyming lines in poetry.

  • Ballad vs. Sonnet: Poetic Structures (Explained)
  • Alliteration vs. Assonance: Understanding Sounds (Compared)
  • Quatrain vs. Couplets: Ballad Formats (Compared)
  • Rhythm vs. Meter: Ballad Framework (Explained)
  • Sonnet vs. Ballad: Poetry Forms (Explained)
  • Courtesy

    Polite and respectful behavior towards others.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Crafting

    The process of carefully selecting and arranging words and phrases in order to create a specific effect or convey a particular message.

  • Elegy vs. Ode: Types of Poems (Defined)
  • Creative expression

    The act of using imagination and originality to convey thoughts and emotions through various forms of art, including writing.

  • Refrain vs. Chorus: Ballad Repetition (Defined)
  • Creative nonfiction

    A genre of writing that uses literary techniques to tell a true story or convey factual information in a compelling and engaging way.

  • Autobiography vs. Memoir: Personal Stories (Defined)
  • Creative writing

    The art of writing original and imaginative works of fiction, poetry, or non-fiction.

  • Anecdote vs. Vignette: Small Stories (Clarified)
  • Haiku vs. Tanka: Japanese Poetry (Compared)
  • Metaphor vs. Simile: Know the Difference (Explained)
  • Pathetic Fallacy vs. Personification (Compared)
  • Creative writing technique

    A method or approach to writing that emphasizes creativity and originality.

  • Pathetic Fallacy vs. Personification (Compared)
  • Analogy vs. Metaphor: Comparative Language (Explained)
  • Assonance vs. Consonance: Sound Patterns (Clarified)
  • Creative writing tips

    Advice for improving writing skills and creativity.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Credibility

    The quality of being trusted and believed in.

  • Pathos vs. Bathos: Emotional Appeals (Explained)
  • Critical reading

    The process of analyzing and evaluating a text to understand its meaning and implications.

  • Allegory vs. Symbol: Understanding Meaning (Compared)
  • Critical reception

    The response and evaluation of a writer’s work by literary critics and scholars.

  • Dystopia vs. Utopia: Literary Settings (Explained)
  • Critical thinking skills

    The ability to analyze and evaluate information.

  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Criticism

    The analysis and evaluation of a work of art or literature.

  • Satire vs. Parody: Humor in Literature (Explained)
  • Irony vs. Sarcasm: Clearing Confusions (Defined)
  • Cross-cultural communication

    The exchange of information between people from different cultural backgrounds.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Cross-referencing

    The practice of referring to other parts of a written work for clarification or additional information.

  • Epilogue vs. Afterword: Book Endings (Explained)
  • Cult of personality

    The phenomenon of a writer’s personal charisma or reputation overshadowing their actual work.

  • Dystopia vs. Utopia: Literary Settings (Explained)
  • Cultural background

    The cultural experiences and values that shape a person’s identity.

  • Character vs. Caricature: Deep Dive (Explained)
  • Cultural context

    The social and historical background of a particular culture.

  • Setting vs. Scene: Literary Locations (Defined)
  • Cultural critique

    An analysis of cultural values and practices.

  • Satire vs. Parody: Humor in Literature (Explained)
  • Cultural heritage

    The customs, traditions, and beliefs that are passed down from generation to generation within a particular culture or community.

  • Haiku vs. Tanka: Japanese Poetry (Compared)
  • Cultural identity

    The sense of belonging and connection to a particular culture or community, often expressed through language, customs, and traditions.

  • Quatrain vs. Couplets: Ballad Formats (Compared)
  • Cultural influences on emotional expression within genres

    The impact of cultural norms and expectations on the way emotions are portrayed in different literary genres.

  • Romance vs. Romanticism: Genres (Clarified)
  • Culturally sensitive language

    The use of language that is respectful and appropriate to a particular culture or community.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Cultural references

    References to aspects of a particular culture.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Plot vs. Theme: Core Components (Clarified)
  • Cultural sensitivity

    The awareness and understanding of cultural differences and the ability to respect and appreciate them.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Cultural sensitivity in communication

    The ability to communicate effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds.

  • Euphemism vs. Dysphemism: Politeness in Language (Clarified)
  • Cultural significance

    The importance or relevance of something within a particular culture or society.

  • Haiku vs. Tanka: Japanese Poetry (Compared)
  • Fable vs. Parable: Story Types (Defined)
  • Allegory vs. Symbol: Understanding Meaning (Compared)
  • Cultural significance evaluation

    Analysis of the importance of cultural elements in a story.

  • Idiom vs. Cliche: Understanding Phrases (Explained)
  • Cultural transmission

    The process by which cultural traditions, beliefs, and practices are passed down from one generation to the next.

  • Quatrain vs. Couplets: Ballad Formats (Compared)
  • Cultural values

    The beliefs and customs of a particular society or group that influence the themes and messages in literature.

  • Fable vs. Parable: Story Types (Defined)
  • Cynical

    Having a belief that people are motivated by self-interest and that virtue is rare.

  • Irony vs. Sarcasm: Clearing Confusions (Defined)
  • Cynicism

    A belief that people are motivated by self-interest and that virtue is rare.

  • Satire vs. Parody: Humor in Literature (Explained)
  • Irony vs. Sarcasm: Clearing Confusions (Defined)